Amahame yakubungabunga ubwatsini: kimwe, gisukuye kandi kitagira umwanda, kandi kidasaza umwaka wose. Mu gihe gisanzwe cyo kubungabunga, ubwatsi bw'icyatsi kibisi bushobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bine bitewe n'igihe cyo gutera. Icya mbere ni ugutera kugeza ku cyiciro cyuzuye, bivuga gutera ubwatsi bwa mbere n'igihe cyo gutera kugeza ku mwaka umwe cyangwa ahantu hose (hafite ahantu hafunguye 100%), ari nacyo cyitwa icyiciro cyuzuye. Icya kabiri ni icyiciro cyo gukura neza, bivuga imyaka 2-5 nyuma yo guterwa, nanone kitwa igihe cyo gukura neza. Icya gatatu ni icyiciro cyo gukura buhoro, bivuga imyaka 6-10 nyuma yo guterwa, nanone kitwa icyiciro cyo gukura buhoro. Icya kane ni icyiciro cyo kwangirika, bivuga imyaka 10-15 nyuma yo guterwa, nanone kitwa igihe cyo kwangirika. Mu rwego rwo hejuru rwo kubungabunga no gucunga, igihe cyo kwangirika kw'ubwatsi gishobora gutinda imyaka 5-8.
1. Gucunga intambwe yo gukira
Dukurikije imiterere n'ibisabwa mu mikorere, ubwatsi bushya bugomba gukurwaho imbuto z'ibyatsi n'imizi y'ibyatsi, bugashyirwamo ubutaka busanzwe, bugakurwaho kandi bugashyirwamo cm zirenga 10 mbere yuko ubwatsi bushyirwamo. Hari ubwoko bubiri bwo gutera ubwatsi: gutera ubwatsi bwuzuye n'ubugari buto. Muri rusange, ubwatsi kare bwa cm 20 × 20 bukoreshwa ku byatsi bito. Icyatsi cyuzuye nta gihe ntarengwa kandi gifite igihe cyo kugarura ubwatsi cy'iminsi 7-10 gusa. Bifata igihe runaka kugira ngo 50% by'ahantu hafunguye h'ibyatsi bito bikuzure. Gutera ubwatsi mu mpeshyi n'Ubutaka bushyirwa mu mpeshyi bufata amezi 1-2 gusa kugira ngo bukure neza, mu gihe ubwatsi bushyirwa mu mpeshyi n'itumba bufata amezi 2-3 kugira ngo bukure neza. Mu bijyanye no kubungabunga no gucunga, hibandwa ku gucunga amazi n'ifumbire. Mu mpeshyi, ntibugira umwanda, mu mpeshyi ntibugira izuba, naho mu gihe cy'itumba n'itumba, ubwatsi bukoreshwa mu gukumira umuyaga no kuvura. Muri rusange, tera amazi rimwe mu gitondo na nimugoroba mu cyumweru kimwe nyuma yo gukoresha ubwatsi, kandi urebe niba ubwatsi buto. Imizi y'ibyatsi isabwa kuba hafi y'ubutaka. Shyira amazi rimwe buri mugoroba mu gihe cy'ibyumweru bibiri cyangwa bibiri nyuma yo kuyasiga. Nyuma y'ibyumweru bibiri, shyiramo amazi rimwe buri minsi ibiri bitewe n'igihe n'ikirere, cyane cyane kugira ngo bishyiremo ubushuhe.
Shyira ifumbire buri cyumweru kimwe kugeza ku mezi atatu nyuma yo gutera. Koresha umuti wa 1-3% bya urea hamwe no kuhira no gutera. Banza uvange hanyuma ubyibuhe. Kuva ubu, koresha ibiro 4-6 bya urea kuri hegitari imwe mu kwezi. Shyira ku muvuduko mu minsi y'imvura. , shyiramo amazi ku munsi w'izuba, kandi ukoreshe icyuma gikata ibyatsi mu gukata ibyatsi igihe ibyatsi bifite uburebure bwa cm 8-10. Gutera ibyatsi bigomba gukorwa hakiri kare nyuma y'igice cy'ukwezi nyuma yo gutera, cyangwa nyuma ya Mutarama. Iyo ibyatsi bibi bitangiye gukura, banza ucukure kandi urandure ibyatsi ku gihe, hanyuma ubishyire hamwe nyuma yo gucukura kugira ngo wirinde kugira ingaruka ku mikurire y'ibyatsi nyamukuru. Ubwatsi bushya buterwa muri rusange nta ndwara n'udukoko twangiza kandi ntibisaba ubugenzuzi bwihariye. Kugira ngo wihutishe imikurire, 0.1-0.5% ya phosphate ya potasiyumu dihydrogen irashobora kuvomerwa no gutera mu gihe cya nyuma.
2. Ubuyobozi mu cyiciro cy'igihe kirekire
Umwaka wa kabiri kugeza kuri wa gatanu nyuma yo gutera ubwatsi ni igihe cyo gukura cyane. Ubwatsi bw'imitako ahanini buba ari ubwatsi bubi, bityo ikibandwaho ni ukubugumana ari ubwatsi bubi. Mu gucunga amazi, fungura amashami y'ibyatsi urebe neza ko ubutaka bwumye ariko butari umweru kandi butose ariko butarimo ibara. Ihame ni ukubutuma bumera mu mpeshyi no mu mpeshyi no mu gihe cy'itumba. Ifumbire igomba gushyirwaho buhoro kandi buhoro, gake kuva muri Mata kugeza muri Nzeri by'umwaka kandi irenze ku mpera zombi. Koresha ibiro 2-4 bya urea kuri buri mu mwaka nyuma ya buri gihe cyo gutema ubwatsi. Mu gihe cy'ihinga cyinshi, genzura ifumbire n'amazi kugira ngo ugenzure igipimo cyo gukura, bitabaye ibyo igihe cyo gutema ubwatsi kiziyongera kandi ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga kiziyongera. Gutema ubwatsi ni cyo kibandwaho muri iki cyiciro. Inshuro zo gutema ubwatsi n'ubwiza bwabwo bifitanye isano no kwangirika kw'ubwatsi n'ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga. Ni byiza kugenzura umubare w'ibyatsi byatemwe kugeza ku nshuro 8-10 mu mwaka, impuzandengo imwe mu kwezi kuva muri Gashyantare kugeza muri Nzeri, na rimwe mu mezi abiri kuva mu Ukwakira kugeza muri Mutarama by'umwaka utaha. Ibisabwa mu bya tekiniki mu gutema ubwatsi: Icya mbere, uburebure bwiza bw'ubwatsi ni cm 6-10. Iyo birengeje cm 10, bishobora gucibwa. Iyo birengeje cm 15, "ibirundo by'ibyatsi" bizagaragara kandi ibice bimwe na bimwe bizaba bimeze nk'ingunguru. Muri iki gihe, bigomba gucibwa. Icya kabiri ni ukwitegura mbere yo gukata. Reba neza ko imbaraga z'icyuma gikata ibyatsi ari ibisanzwe, ko icyuma cy'ibyatsi gityaye kandi kitangiritse, kandi ko ibyatsi bisukuye nta mabuye meza n'imyanda. Icya gatatu ni ugukoresha icyuma gikata ibyatsi. Hindura intera y'icyuma kuri cm 2-4 uvuye ku butaka (gukata bike mu gihe kirekire, gutema cyane mu gihe cy'umuhindo no mu gihe cy'itumba), komeza umuvuduko uhoraho, kandi ubugari bw'icyuma buhurira kuri cm 3-5 buri gihe nta gukata na kimwe. Icya kane, sukura amababi y'ibyatsi vuba nyuma yo gutema, kandi utose kandi ufumbire.
3. Gucunga intambwe zitinda kandi z'igihe kirekire
Igipimo cy'ubushyuhe bw'ubwatsi nyuma y'imyaka 6-10 butewe cyaragabanutse, kandi amababi n'imiti byapfuye birushaho kwiyongera uko umwaka utashye. Kubora kw'imizi bikunze kubaho mu bihe by'ubushyuhe n'ubukonje, kandi bishobora kwangizwa na Digitonus (udukoko two kogosha) mu gihe cy'umuhindo no mu gihe cy'itumba. Umurimo wibandwaho ni ukwita ku gukumira no kurwanya udukoko n'indwara. Byagaragaye ko nyuma y'iminsi itatu amazi adasibangana, imizi izatangira kubora. Nyuma y'amazi amaze gukurwamo, haracyariho ubuzima. Nyuma y'iminsi irindwi amazi adasibangana, imizi irenga 90% izaba yangiritse kandi hafi ya yose nta buzima ifite, bityo ibyatsi bigomba kongera kuzura. Nubwo hazabaho kubora guke mu minsi 1-2 amazi adasibangana, ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubushuhe nyuma yo gusohora amazi bizoroshya kororoka kw'udukoko kandi bigatera kubora kw'imizi. Koresha thiophanate cyangwa carbendazim inshuro 800-1000 hanyuma utere umuti ahantu harwaye inshuro 2-3 (tera umuti rimwe mu minsi 2-10) kugira ngo wirinde kandi urinde kubora kw'imizi. Inyoni zishaje zica ubwatsi hasi ku buso, zigakora uduce twumye. Ahantu hagenda hakura umunsi ku wundi, bigatera kwangirika vuba kandi bigatera ahantu hanini humye. Mu gihe cyo kugenzura, ugomba gukuraho ubwatsi kugira ngo ubone inyoni. Ni ngombwa kubumenya hakiri kare no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu gihe inyoni zikiri nto. Muri rusange, imashini zo gufumbira cyangwa gukwirakwiza imiti yica udukoko n'intoki zikoreshwa mu kurwanya udukoko. Nyuma y'iminsi itatu, ubwatsi bwangiza buzakurwaho hanyuma umuti wa urea wongere ushyirwemo. Gukura bizasubira nyuma y'icyumweru. Ifumbire n'imicungire y'amazi mu gihe gito bigomba gukomezwa kuruta mu gihe cy'uburumbuke, kandi ifumbire y'inyuma y'imizi ishobora kwiyongera. Ni byiza kugenzura umubare waguca ubwatsi inshuro zigera kuri 7-8 mu mwaka.
4. Gucunga icyiciro cyo kwangirika kw'ibyatsi
Ubwatsi bwatangiye kwangirika umwaka ku wundi nyuma y’imyaka 10 butewe, kandi bwarangiritse cyane nyuma y’imyaka 15 butewe. Gucunga amazi, guhinduranya ibihe by’umucanga n’iby’imvura, no kubuza amazi kuzura, bitabaye ibyo bizatuma imizi ibora kandi igapfa. Kongera imbaraga mu kugenzura no gukumira udukoko n’indwara. Muri iki gihe, hagomba kongerwamo ifumbire mvaruganda. Ifumbire mvaruganda yihariye ku bwatsi ishobora gusukwa ku mababi kugira ngo yuzuze ibisabwa bitandukanye by’ubwatsi. Intungamubiri z’ibimera. Ahantu hapfuye igice hashobora kongera guterwa burundu. Ubwatsi bwangiritse busubira kumera buhoro buhoro nyuma yo gutemwa, kandi inshuro ubwatsi butemwa ntizigomba kurenza inshuro 6 mu mwaka wose. Byongeye kandi, kubera ko ubwatsi nyamukuru ari buto, ibyatsi bibi byoroshye gukura kandi bigomba gucukurwa ku gihe. Gucunga bigomba gukomezwa cyane muri iki gihe kugira ngo bitinde kwangirika kw’ubwatsi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-19-2024