Ingingo z'ingenzi zakubungabunga ubwatsini:
1. Ibyatsi bibi bigomba kurandurwa buri gihe mu mwaka wa mbere.
2. Kata ku gihe. Kata ku gihe icyatsi kimaze gukura kikagera kuri cm 4-10 z'uburebure, kandi ingano ya buri kata ntigomba kurenza kimwe cya kabiri cy'uburebure bw'icyatsi. Ubusanzwe ubwatsi bugumana uburebure bwa cm 2-5.
3. Ifumbire mvange ya azote, fosifore na potasiyumu igomba gushyirwa mu gihe cy'ihinga. Muri rusange, ishyirwa mu bikorwa nyuma yo gukata no mbere yo kuhira hakoreshejwe sprinkler.
4. Ubutaka ntibugomba gukoreshwa cyane. Igihe cyo kubukoresha n'igihe cyo kububungabunga bigomba kugenwa, kandi ubutaka bugomba gufungurwa kugira ngo bukoreshwe buri gihe.
5. Itondere gukumira no kurwanya indwara n'udukoko mu byatsi. Ongera utere imbuto ku gihe hanyuma usimbuze ibice byangiritse.
Kuhira ubwatsi
Kuhira ntibishobora gusa gukomeza gukura neza kw'ibyatsi byo mu gasozi, ahubwo binatuma amashami n'amababi bikomera kandi bikongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ubwatsi.
1. Igihembwe: Kuhira ubwatsi bigomba gukorwa mu gihe cy'izuba iyo amazi aturutse mu kirere ari menshi kurusha imvura. Mu gihe cy'itumba, nyuma y'uko ubutaka bw'ubwatsi bukonje, nta kuhira biba bikenewe.
2. Igihe: Mu bijyanye n'ikirere, igihe cyiza cyo kuhira ni igihe hari umuyaga mwinshi, bishobora kugabanya kubura umwuka no gufasha amababi kuma. Ku munsi, kugira ngo amazi akoreshwe neza, mu gitondo na nimugoroba ni byo bihe byiza byo kuhira. Ariko, kuhira nijoro ntibifasha kumisha ibyatsi byo mu gasozi kandi biroroshye gutera indwara.
3. Ingano y'amazi: Ubusanzwe, mu gihe cy'umurima w'ibyatsi byo mu gasozi, kugira ngo ibyatsi byo mu gasozi bikomeze kuba bibisi, hakenewe amazi angana na cm 3 kugeza kuri 4 mu cyumweru. Mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe n'umurima w'icyatsi, icyatsi gikura cyane gikenera kongeramo cm 6 cyangwa zirenga mu cyumweru. Ingano y'amazi akenewe ahanini iterwa n'imiterere y'ubutaka bw'icyatsi.
4. Uburyo: Kuhira bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe kuhira imiti ikoreshwa mu gutera imiti, kuhira amazi asanzwe, kuhira amazi aturutse mu mazi n'ubundi buryo. Uburyo butandukanye bushobora gukoreshwa hakurikijwe urwego rutandukanye rwo kubungabunga no gucunga ibikoresho ndetse n'imiterere y'ibikoresho. Kugira ngo ibyatsi byo mu gasozi bikomeze kugumana ubwatsi mbere yuko bihagarara gukura mu gihe cy'umuhindo na mbere yuko biba icyatsi kibisi mu mpeshyi, bigomba kuhira rimwe. Bigomba kuhira bihagije kandi neza, ibyo bikaba ingirakamaro cyane ku byatsi byo mu gasozi kugira ngo bishobore kuguma mu gihe cy'itumba no guhinduka icyatsi kibisi.
Gukumira no kugenzura indwara
Indwara z’ubwatsi bwo mu gasozi zishyirwa mu byiciro Dukurikije ubwoko butandukanye bw’indwara, indwara zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: indwara zitandura n’indwara zandura. Indwara zitandura ziterwa n’ibintu biri mu bwatsi no mu bidukikije. Urugero nko guhitamo nabi imbuto z’ubwatsi, kubura intungamubiri mu butaka zikenewe kugira ngo ubwatsi bwo mu gasozi bukure, kudahuza kw’ibintu bigize intungamubiri, ubutaka bwumye cyane cyangwa butose cyane, kwanduza ibidukikije, nibindi. Ubwo bwoko bw’indwara ntibwandura. Indwara zandura ziterwa n’ibihumyo, bagiteri, virusi, imitezi, nibindi. Ubwo bwoko bw’indwara bwandura cyane, kandi ibintu bitatu bikenewe kugira ngo iboneke ni: ibimera bishobora kwandura, indwara zitera indwara nyinshi, n’ibidukikije bikwiye.
Uburyo bwo gukumira no kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge ni ubu bukurikira:
(1) Kuraho inkomoko y’ibanze y’ubwandu bw’udukoko. Ubutaka, imbuto, ingemwe, ibimera birwaye mu murima, ibisigazwa by’ibimera birwaye n’ifumbire mvaruganda idafite ifumbire ni ahantu nyaburanga udukoko twinshi dukunda kwandura mu gihe cy’itumba no mu gihe cy’impeshyi. Kubwibyo, kwica ubutaka (guca udukoko formalin bikunze gukoreshwa, ni ukuvuga formalin: amazi = 1: 40, igipimo cy’ubutaka ni litiro 10-15/metero kare cyangwa formalin: amazi = 1: 50, igipimo cy’ubutaka ni litiro 20-25/metero kare), uburyo bwo kuvura ingemwe (harimo no gushyira mu kato imbuto n’ingemwe no kuzica udukoko; uburyo bukunze gukoreshwa bwo kwica udukoko ku busitani ni: kuramo imbuto mu minota 20-60, kuzikuramo nyuma yo kuzishyira mu mazi, kuzimesa, kumutsa no kuzitera.) no gukuraho ku gihe ibisigazwa by’ibimera birwaye n’izindi ngamba zo kuzirwanya.
(2) Kugenzura ubuhinzi: Ubwatsi bukwiriye ubutaka bukwiye, cyane cyane guhitamo ubwoko bw’imbuto zirwanya indwara, gukuraho ibyatsi bibi ku gihe, guhinga mu buryo bwimbitse no gufumbira neza ku gihe, gufata neza ibimera birwaye n’ahantu handuye indwara, no gushimangira imicungire y’amazi n’ifumbire.
(3) Kurwanya imiti: gutera imiti yica udukoko kugira ngo uyirwanye. Muri rusange, gutera umuti wica udukoko mu buryo bukwiye rimwe mu ntangiriro z'impeshyi mbere yuko ubwatsi butandukanye bugera mu gihe cyo gukura cyane, ni ukuvuga mbere yuko ubwatsi bw'icyatsi burwara, hanyuma utera umuti rimwe mu byumweru bibiri, hanyuma utera umuti inshuro 3-4 zikurikiranye. Ibi bishobora gukumira indwara zitandukanye z'ibihumyo cyangwa za bagiteri. Ubwoko butandukanye bw'indwara busaba imiti yica udukoko butandukanye. Ariko, hagomba kwitabwaho ubwinshi bw'umuti wica udukoko, igihe n'umubare wakoreshejwe, n'ingano yakoreshejwe. Muri rusange, ingaruka zo gutera umuti ziba nziza iyo amababi y'ubwatsi bw'icyatsi yumye. Umubare wakoreshejwe umuti uterwa ahanini n'igihe umuti wica udukoko wamaze, muri rusange rimwe mu minsi 7-10, kandi imiti 2-5 irahagije. Kongera gutera umuti bigomba gukorwa nyuma y'imvura. Byongeye kandi, imiti itandukanye igomba kuvangwa cyangwa igakoreshwa mu buryo bunyuranye uko bishoboka kose kugira ngo hirindwe ko imiti yica udukoko yakwihanganira.
Kurwanya udukoko
1. Impamvu nyamukuru zitera kwangirika kw'udukoko mu byatsi: Ubutaka ntibuvurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko mbere yukogutera ubwatsi(guhinga cyane no kumisha ubutaka, gucukura no gutoragura udukoko, kwica udukoko mu butaka, nibindi); ifumbire mvaruganda ikoreshwa ntirakura; gukumira no kurwanya hakiri kare ntibirakorwa ku gihe cyangwa umuti ukoreshejwe nabi cyangwa nta ngaruka utanga, nibindi.
2. Kurwanya udukoko two mu byatsi byo mu gasozi mu buryo buhuriweho
(1) Kugenzura ubuhinzi: ubutaka n'ibyatsi bikwiye, guhinga no kumisha ubutaka mbere yo kubiba, gucukura no gutoragura udukoko, gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda yangiritse neza, gukoresha amazi ku gihe, nibindi.
(2) Kugenzura imikorere n'amaboko: gufata ibintu byoroshye, kwica imiti yica udukoko n'ubutaka buhumanye, gufata n'intoki, n'ibindi.
(3) Kugenzura ibinyabuzima: ni ukuvuga gukoresha abanzi karemano cyangwa udukoko duto dutera indwara mu kugenzura. Urugero, udukoko duto dutera indwara mu kugenzura udukoko ni muscardine y'icyatsi, kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura ni 90%.
(4) Kurwanya imiti: Imiti yica udukoko ahanini ni fosifore y’umwimerere. Muri rusange, kuhira bigomba gukorwa vuba bishoboka nyuma yo gukoresha imiti kugira ngo umuti ukwirakwizwe kandi wirinde gutakaza umusaruro bitewe no kubora kw’izuba no guhindagurika kw’izuba; gutera imiti akenshi bikoreshwa ku dukoko two ku butaka. Ariko ku dukoko tumwe na tumwe, nk’udukoko two mu byatsi, kuhira bigomba gukorwa nibura amasaha 24-72 nyuma yo gukoresha imiti. Uburyo busanzwe ni ugutera imbuto, gusiga uburozi cyangwa gutera imiti. Ingamba zavuzwe haruguru zishobora kuba zihagije ku muntu usanzwe uhinga ibyatsi. Niba ubwatsi bucunzwe neza, ubushobozi bwabwo buzarushaho kwiyongera.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-10-2025